Objectives: (1) To identify socioecological determinants of land use, fertilizer input and labor allocation choices, (2) To evaluate type specific determinants of SLM options, and (3) To estimate yield response functions for the main crop, maize. (a) Assess the impacts of gender mainstreaming interventions on women’s and youth’s empowerment (WE) in the DS (as a following-up of all WAS-DS intervention regarding gender mainstreaming in KKM and WBS); (b) Empowering and Transforming Rural Communities and Institutions: micro-level evidences on social and gender norms, aspirations of youth and access to and control-over resources, assets and knowledge including services; The VDSA longitudinal panel data, which is disaggregated by gender and other social variables, will be analyzed on issues related to patterns of change with respect to occupation choice, education wages and other details.
Methods: Multivariate data analyses for decision and production functions for generating parameters defining dynamics in terms of probability to observe change and bounding limits of sustainable intensification (SI) indicators with respect to farm types [objective (1)]; Sustainable Livelihood Framework for guiding the integrative causal analyses models of household's decisions on resources uses and SLM practices, Multivariate non-linear regression statistics
[objective (2)]; Modified CoubDouglas production function and related regression analyses [objective (3)]. These empirical analyses will help calibrate the LUDAS model - an agent-based model for community-landscape dynamics capturing adaptive households' decision-making. (a) For the assessment of the impact of the women (and youth) empowerment and mainstreaming, the WEAI
(Women Empowerment Agricultural Index) will be used. This tool has been tested in different context and countries, not only by its creators (IFPRI, USAID and other) but also by development NGOs. (b) 1.Sampling: a. Stratified purposive sampling; b. Selected Dryland Systems research sites in India; c. Validation of tools and protocols; 2. Data collection: real time data collection using mobile based technologies; video documentaries: a. Using the standardized methodology
(called the GENNOVATE methodology) developed by the CG Gender Research Network team in consultation with the World Bank; b. Mixed method data collection – qualitative and quantitative methods – for the study on extension services and value chain research; 3. Data Analysis: a. Pre-coded data and analysis (using Nvivo) for the gender and social norms study; b. Descriptive analysis, statistical analysis, social network analysis (SNA) and study on gender and youth in value chains.
Gender dimension: Genderrelated variables considered in the adoption analyses, making the research gender-responsive; This research is adequately linked to the Gender Strategy Objective Two (Women empowered within households & communities) taking into account main systemic elements and external drivers and will add value to the existing research by answering key gender strategic research questions, that until now, have not got answers and will be embedded in the systemic context of the
agri-livelihood system studied.