Sustainable production and management of biological resources are key agricultural drivers within a changing world. Agriculture needs to improve crop performance and to address environmental challenges to ensure adequate food supply whilst safeguarding the environment. This rationale definitely applies to durum wheat (DW), strategic commodity for Southern-European, North-African and Near-Eastern countries surrounding the Mediterranean Basin, including those involved in IMPRESA project, i.e. Italy, Algeria, Tunisia and Turkey. The concept for IMPRESA is to integrate extensive trials of genetic resources under natural and induced stress conditions, with detailed phenotyping and study of mechanisms/genes that increase DW performance under abiotic stresses (heat, drought and salinity), and to setup solid bases to exploit the acquired knowledge through the breeding pipeline. Strategic to IMPRESA is the choice of genetic resources. These consist of DW varieties grown in the different countries/environments, but also germplasm derived from wheat wild relatives (WWRs). Genomes of WWRs are segmentally represented in DW-WWR introgression lines, containing small alien chromosome portions enhancing yield-related traits of potential relevance under stress conditions (abiotic and also biotic), and in synthetic amphiploids, involving complete wild genomes. Once assayed for its positive attributes, the WWR-containing germplasm will work as donor of novel traits to cultivated DWs. The latter often lack adaptive traits to extant or emerging stresses, which can be transferred from WWRs via unconventional breeding strategies (e.g. “chromosome engineering”). All materials will be shared among Consortium members, who, in a joint effort, will contribute to their characterization at the plant and molecular levels and to their initial breeding exploitation. Selected materials will also be validated under cropping systems that currently are of frequent adoption in some of the participant countries (e.g., no-till in Algeria; bed planting-furrow irrigation in Turkey), and may become relevant in others, willing to increasingly move towards a conservation agriculture.
Sustainable production and management of biological resources are key agricultural drivers within a changing world. Agriculture needs to improve crop performance and to address environmental challenges to ensure adequate food supply whilst safeguarding the environment. This rationale definitely applies to durum wheat (DW), strategic commodity for Southern-European, North-African and Near-Eastern countries surrounding the Mediterranean Basin, including those involved in IMPRESA project, i.e. Italy, Algeria, Tunisia and Turkey. The concept for IMPRESA is to integrate extensive trials of genetic resources under natural and induced stress conditions, with detailed phenotyping and study of mechanisms/genes that increase DW performance under abiotic stresses (heat, drought and salinity), and to setup solid bases to exploit the acquired knowledge through the breeding pipeline. Strategic to IMPRESA is the choice of genetic resources. These consist of DW varieties grown in the different countries/environments, but also germplasm derived from wheat wild relatives (WWRs). Genomes of WWRs are segmentally represented in DW-WWR introgression lines, containing small alien chromosome portions enhancing yield-related traits of potential relevance under stress conditions (abiotic and also biotic), and in synthetic amphiploids, involving complete wild genomes. Once assayed for its positive attributes, the WWR-containing germplasm will work as donor of novel traits to cultivated DWs. The latter often lack adaptive traits to extant or emerging stresses, which can be transferred from WWRs via unconventional breeding strategies (e.g. “chromosome engineering”). All materials will be shared among Consortium members, who, in a joint effort, will contribute to their characterization at the plant and molecular levels and to their initial breeding exploitation. Selected materials will also be validated under cropping systems that currently are of frequent adoption in some of the participant countries (e.g., no-till in Algeria; bed planting-furrow irrigation in Turkey), and may become relevant in others, willing to increasingly move towards a conservation agriculture.
A primary goal IMPRESA aims to achieve is to set the bases for widening the genetic basis of durum wheat (DW), a strategic crop for Mediterranean countries, in order to provide untapped possibilities for breeding to develop DW genotypes better coping, in terms of yield performance and stability, with emerging or increasing environmental stresses, mainly of abiotic nature. Tightly correlated to the former, is the goal of making effectively exploited for the benefit of DW cultivation and yield under stressful conditions, the ample reservoir of genetic diversity present in wild wheat relatives (WWRs), still little accessed, characterized and utilized, particularly for what abiotic stress tolerance genes/alleles are concerned. This goal is in line with the objectives of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (adopted in 2001), whose main purpose is not only the conservation of plant genetic resources, but also to ensure that they are used, thus making them relevant for agriculture. A further comprehensive goal is to gain knowledge of the biological processes (from physiological mechanisms to critical metabolites and genes) underlying the tolerance response of DW and DW-WWR genotypes exhibiting positive performance under field and controlled stressful environments. This knowledge is particularly poor for wild genes/traits, so the gain would be advantageous for the scientific community as a whole. Sharing of knowledge and its practical application in breeding among partner countries, is another important goal of the project. Additional, longer term run goals, include: - consolidate the partners’ awareness of and hence confidence in the possibility to achieve the anticipated improvement of DW by unconventional strategies, particularly if a common effort is made; - contribute to enhancing the economic value of DW germplasm in all participant countries and beyond, by conferring to it unique characteristics, as those originating from wild germplasm.
IMPRESA aims to capitalize on the potential of WWRs, many adapted to harsh environments, and accomplish results of practical value by using DW-WWR genetic materials in which alien/wild donors are variably combined with the DW genome and novel useful traits can be transferred into regionally suited DWs by well-established, non-GMO strategies. In doing this, the project also aims at valorising local germplasm and regional solutions for crop management and farming system. Specific objectives include: • Identify positively responding DW and DW-WWR genotypes to controlled application and natural multi-environment exposure (field trials) to abiotic stresses (heat, drought and salinity) • Correlate the genotype response to physiological and biochemical tests for stress-involved metabolites and processes, as expressed by certain plant organs (juvenile/flag leaves, reproductive organs, roots) and stages (e.g. flowering), to yield-related parameters recorded on the same plants and on unstressed controls • Perform in-dept investigations, including metabolomics and other “omics” analyses, to identify key factors (molecular phenotypes) underlying the stress tolerant response, concentrating on particular genotypes, such as DW-WWR near-isogenic recombinant lines, hence focusing the comparative analyses on specific alien and DW chromosomes/regions • Undertake introgression breeding programs to incorporate desired alien chromosome regions into DW cultivars, supporting the chromosome engineering/introgressiomics interventions with available/newly developed molecular genetic/cytogenetic markers associated with target alien regions/genes • Optimize sustainable production by assaying advanced breeding lines and locally adapted varieties under environmentally friendly soil and water managements (e.g. minimum/no tillage or bed planting coupled with furrow-irrigation) • Contribute to enhancement of genetic variability, majorly focusing on stress resilience, of DW germplasm of participant countries, thus renovating the local cultivars’ array • Train/stimulate scientists in recent technologies and raise awareness of project strategies and outputs. • Share and disseminate the project strategies and outcomes within and outside the scientific community, involving various stakeholders, and ensuring public awareness and optimum exploitation of project results
IMPRESA is expected to contribute to enhance knowledge of the way cultivated wheat, particularly DW, and its wild relatives interact with the environment and improve breeding effectiveness within Mediterranean countries where heat, drought and salinity, in combination with biotic stresses and other challenges, are major challenges to crop yield and stability. A summary list of specific expected impacts includes: 1. Exploitation of genetic diversity of wild wheat relatives to enhance tolerance of DW cultivars to stress conditions; 2. Increased knowledge of physiological, metabolic and genetic mechanisms of plant response to major abiotic stresses affecting the Mediterranean area, focusing on durum wheat (DW), its main cereal crop, and having major impacts on its yield potential; 3. Translation of results from laboratory to field, i.e. application of molecular-, physiological- and “omics”-based crop improvement strategies for the development of stress-resilient DW cultivars; 4. Wider engagement and awareness of project partners (and through them potentially of local stakeholders), about the advantages of the project strategies, addressing in particular DW-WWRs “chromosome engineering” and highlighting how this approach compares with “traditional breeding” versus GMO technologies to improve crops, especially in view of maximizing valorisation of natural biodiversity; 5. Implementation of cooperative/participatory approaches into the breeding pipeline. To this regard, one example is the Conservation Agriculture practice of “no-till”, having a well rooted tradition in Algeria, one of the partner countries (in 2005, created a “Trait d’union” association for the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture, bringing together researchers, technicians, producers and farmers, see, e.g. https://docplayer.fr/25305571-L-experience-de-l-agriculture-de-conservation-en-algerie.html). Similarly, the water-saving system of bed planting-furrow irrigation, successfully adopted in Turkey (Kiliç 2010 Sci Res Essays 5: 3063) and elsewhere (e.g. Mexico, see Tripathi et al. 2005 Crop Sci 45:1448), will be implemented in the trials with the project genetic materials, in order to maintain diverse, sustainable farming systems, possibly “exporting” them beyond native, local environments. 6. Empowerment of new and high-potential actors towards future technological leadership: young researchers (e.g. PhDs, Post-docs, fellowship holders) hired in the project will have enhanced experience, also on a transnational level, to become high-potential actors in the future of sustainable, molecular-assisted and climate-responsive breeding of complex crop species such as DW, in leading positions either in academic/research institutes or in breeding companies. 7. Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality: in line with the Sustainable Development Goal “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” of the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the FAO position on Gender Equality and Food Security: Women’s Empowerment as a Tool Against Hunger (2013), the project will promote women’s participation to the planned activities at various levels, from national and transnational enhanced experience of young researchers (training), to women participation to dissemination initiatives towards stakeholders. Some of the expected impacts are part of a medium to long-term perspective, and the project will be able to undertake and implement them, yet not to bring to full completion within the project duration (particularly the breeding activities). Yet, solid foundations for fulfilment of scientific and practical acquisitions will be laid.
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